• rāmaḥ — Lord Balarāma
  Rāma here = Balarāma. The same name as Daśaratha's son — Gauḍīya theology recognises Balarāma as Saṅkarṣaṇa, the first vyūha, and as the Ādi-Śeṣa from whom all Rāma-avatāras emerge. Calling Him simply Rāma here aligns Him with avatāric weight.
• kāliṅgaḥ — the King of Kaliṅga
  Names the kingdom (modern Odisha region) — the same Kaliṅga later associated with Caitanya's pilgrimage to Jagannātha Purī. The Bhāgavata's geography becomes the future devotional landscape.
• prāhasat — laughed loudly
  pra + √has, 'to laugh forth.' The intensified form — not a smile but a guffaw. Sanskrit aesthetics distinguish six grades of laughter; prāhasat is loud-and-rude, the kind of laughter that invites consequence.
• hala-āyudhaḥ — the carrier of the plow weapon
  hala (plow) + āyudha (weapon). Balarāma's plough — a farmer's tool turned warrior's club. The epithet underlines that He is no city-bred kṣatriya but a Vraja-anchored plough-bearer, whom the urban kings underestimate at their peril.
• na amṛṣyat — did not forgive
  na (not) + amṛṣyat (forgave). From √mṛṣ. The verse names the moment Balarāma's fuse is lit. Gauḍīyas read His anger as righteous (dharma-koṣa) — the same anger that Kṛṣṇa's restraint at verse 39 will not match.

• Padaseva Pr SB 10-61-29 Oriya
  His Grace Padaseva Prabhu· Oriya

Like a fly that buzzes once near a sleeping tiger and walks away, the Kaliṅga king laughs once at Balarāma's loss and shows all his teeth — and the tiger will remember exactly how many teeth there were.