O Uddhava! Intelligence has three states: waking, dreaming and deep sleep, which arises from the conditions of cause, effect and doer. Everything arises by knowledge which pervades the other states. That fourth state is realized by samādhi. Having explained that the effect is none other than the cause, the Lord now states that what is revealed is none other than the revealer. Vijṣānam means intelligence. Intelligence has three states: waking, dreaming and deep sleep. According to grammarians like Vyāḍi and Gālava, the form triy-avastham is permissible. The causes of these states are the three items called cause (adhyātmam), effect (adhibhūtam) and doer (adhidaivam). The effect of these three is the universe with the three states of consciousness. The fourth state, pervasive knowledge, by which all things arise in succession (samanvayena), is real. Tam eva bhāntam anu bhāti sarvaṁ tasya bhāsā sarvam idaṁ vibhāti: after the Lord shines, all things shine and by his illumination all things shine. (Katha Upaniṣad 2.2.5) Cakṣuṣaś cakṣur uta śrotrasya śrotraṁ manaso ye mano viduḥ: the Lord is the eye of the eye, the ear of the ear and the mind of the mind. (Taittirīya Upaniṣad 2.7) “We cannot realize the fourth state except by special knowledge.” This state is realized by samādhi (vyatirekataḥ).