S - Sage’s Teachings (1-6)
When Krishna’s father, Vasudeva, enquired from Narada Muni about pure devotional service, the itinerant sage narrated the great teachings of the Nava-yogendras to Maharaja Nimi. Each of the nine sages elaborated on a particular topic relating to the subjects of bhakta , bhakti and bhagavan .
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S - Sage’s Teachings (1-6)
S - Sage’s Teachings (1-6)
When Krishna’s father, Vasudeva, enquired from Narada Muni about pure devotional service, the itinerant sage narrated the great teachings of the Nava-yogendras to Maharaja Nimi. Each of the nine sages elaborated on a particular topic relating to the subjects of bhakta , bhakti and bhagavan .
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Sages’ Teachings
S - Sage’s Teachings (1-6)
Sages’ Teachings
Chapter 2, 3, 4, 5
Sukadeva Goswami explained how Narada Muni remained in Dwaraka, happily observing Krishna’s astonishing activities in each palace. One day, Vasudeva hosted Narada Muni at his home and enquired about the process of bhakti . In answer, Narada related a conversation between the Nava-yogendras and Maharaja Nimi, in which each of the sages explained different aspects of theology and practice.
Devotional Service (Kavi): By adopting the path of bhagavata-dharma and dovetailing one’s natural propensities, one can be freed from all fear and illusion, become established in love of Godhead, experience ecstatic symptoms, and directly perceive the presence of Krishna everywhere.
Devotees (Havi): There are three broad levels of devotee – beginners ( kanistha ), intermediates ( madhyama ) and advanced ( uttama ). Each one has their own characteristics, but the purity of the topmost devotee, who sees everything in connection with Krishna and His service, captures the Lord’s attention.
Material Nature (Antariksa): Through the external energy, the Lord arranges intricate facilities for conditioned souls to enjoy separately from Him. Material universes and temporary bodies are perpetually being created to allow them to play out their desires.
Relationships (Prabuddha): Being frustrated by the self-destructive habits of sense gratification, one should approach a guru to find the way out. By satisfying the guru, serving the Lord under his direction, and making genuine friendship with the devotees, one makes rapid spiritual progress.
Supersoul (Pippalayana): Though completely independent and aloof, the Supreme Lord compassionately enters the body of every living entity as the Supersoul. When our impure desires are dislodged, one gains a direct perception of the soul and Supersoul residing within the heart.
Karma-yoga (Avirhotra): Vedic literature ingeniously help one become detached from materialistic endeavours by prescribing fruitive religious activities. This should lead one to worshipping the Supreme Lord directly, particularly in the form of the deity.
Avataras (Drumila): The Lord manifests the various guna-avataras (Brahma, Vishnu, Siva) to oversee creation, maintenance and annihilation. The Lord also appeared as Nara-Narayana Rishis, as well as various other partial and pastime incarnations, to save devotees and annihilate demons.
Non-devotees (Chamasa): Living entities who neglect to worship the Lord or intentionally disrespect Him will enter hellish existence. There are others whose worship of the Lord is mixed with fruitive intention – they accrue karmic reactions for their activities and remain entangled in material existence.
Yuga-avataras (Karabhajana): In every age, the Lord appears with various characteristics and offers the means of elevation ( yuga-dharma ). In Kali-yuga the Lord advents as Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and propagates the chanting of the holy name. Although the most degraded age, Kali-yuga is simultaneously worshipped for the unique spiritual opportunity it offers.
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Yadu’s Cursed
S - Sage’s Teachings (1-6)
Yadu’s Cursed
Chapter 1
After describing Krishna’s beautiful life, Sukadeva Goswami ended Canto Ten by detailing the events that led to the fratricidal war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas. In this fierce duel at Kuruksetra the burden of demoniac dynasties was removed. Krishna then planned to remove His own family from the world, and Sukadeva Goswami described that history.
Once, eminent sages successfully concluded a sacrifice in the home of the Yadus. In childish antic, the younger members of the clan brought Samba, the son of Jambavati, before them, dressed as a pregnant mother. Jokingly, they enquired from the sages whether the child would be a boy or a girl. Angered by their mockery, the sages cursed Samba to give birth to a club that would destroy the entire Yadu clan. When they uncovered Samba’s belly, to their astonishment, an iron club had indeed mystically appeared!
When Ugrasena heard about this calamitous incident, he ordered that the club be ground down and thrown into the ocean. A lump of that iron was swallowed by a fish, while the other bits of iron washed onto the shore and grew into a grove of canes. The iron in the fish would later become an arrow which would pierce Krishna, while the canes would become destructive weapons used by the Yadus to kill each other. This was the beginning of the end for the Yadu dynasty, all orchestrated by Krishna’s sweet will. [ 35 ]
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Yadus Travel to Prabhasa
S - Sage’s Teachings (1-6)
Yadus Travel to Prabhasa
Chapter 6
Sukadeva Goswami then returned to the topic of the Yadu dynasty and their departure from the world.
When Lord Brahma and the demigods arrived in Dwaraka, they offered choice prayers to the Supreme Lord Krishna. They had requested the Lord to descend, and now He had successfully restored spiritual sanity in the world, they invited Him to return to His own transcendent abode. Before personally leaving the world, however, Krishna was adamant on completely withdrawing the Yadu dynasty.
When a series of unfavourable omens were observed in Dwaraka, Krishna reminded the Yadu leaders of the brahmanas ’ curse. The Lord convinced them to visit Prabhasa tirtha and perform a sacrifice to save themselves. Hearing Krishna instruct the Yadus in this way, Uddhava could understand that the Lord was also preparing to depart the world. Uddhava couldn’t bear the prospect of separation, and begged Krishna to take him as well.
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Defining Suddha-Bhakti
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Defining Suddha-Bhakti
The Goswamis of Vrindavana were deputed with the task of documenting the philosphy, practice and perfection of bhakti . To this end, Rupa Goswami wrote an entire treatise to summarise the subject matter, and entitled the book ‘Bhakti-rasamrita Sindhu,’ which literally means ‘The nectarean ocean of devotional service.’ The entire book is based upon a very famous verse which clearly defines what pure devotional service is:
anyabhilasita-sunyam
jnana-karmady-anavrtam
anukulyena krsnanu-
silanam bhaktir uttama
“When first-class devotional service develops, one must be devoid of all material desires, knowledge obtained by monistic philosophy, and fruitive action. The devotee must constantly serve Krishna favourably, as Krishna desires.” (BrS 1.1.11)
This verse has been analysed by the acaryas in a variety of ways in order to give us a clear understanding and application for our own lives. There are six main qualities described in this verse - three of them are considered svarupa-laksana , or primary (essential) qualities, while the other three are considered tatastha-laksana , or secondary (marginal) qualities. The svarupa-laksana define the inherent nature of bhakti . The tatastha-laksana are those characteristics which are often observed in pure devotional service but are not an inherent part of.
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Essential Qualities (svarupa-laksana)
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Essential Qualities (svarupa-laksana)
1) Krsna (Krishna)
Pure devotional service is directed towards Krishna. Srila Prabhupada clarifies the point further when he explains that ”Krishna” includes Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, but also the various expansions of Krishna, the paraphernalia of Krishna and the pure devotees of Krishna. The acaryas further comment that pure devotional service is rendered to the personality of God, Bhagavan, and not Brahman (impersonal energy) or Paramatma (in-dwelling Supersoul).
2) Anusilanam (cultivation)
Pure devotional service is active. Bhakti is not simply about stillness and contemplation but encompasses bodily, mental and verbal activities dedicated to God. The philosophy outlined in the bhakti scriptures is meant to be applied to daily life. Concentrated spiritual practices like reading and chanting ( sadhana ), adherence to lifestyle rules and regulations ( sadacara ), practical devotional service ( seva ), and connecting one’s daily duties to Krishna are the various forms of cultivation.
3) Anukulyena (favourable)
Pure devotional service is executed in a favourable mood. The attitude of the devotee should be one of affection, and Krishna should gain pleasure from the activity. When these two conditions are met, one’s devotion is anukulyena .
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Happiness of Service
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Happiness of Service
In Bhakti-rasamrita Sindhu, Rupa Goswami establishes the happiness derived from bhakti as something unparalleled: “If multiplied billions of times, the transcendental pleasure derived from impersonal Brahman realisation still could not compare to even an atomic portion of the ocean of bhakti , or transcendental service.” (BRS 1.1.38)
As we journey through the scriptures, we’ll find different types of happiness ( ananda ) outlined, each one higher than the other.
Jadananda (happiness of dull matter): This happiness, derived from the mind and senses, is of the lowest quality, but nevertheless the most sought after in the material world. Such 'happiness' will ultimately bring frustration since it is limited, temporary and riddled with dualities. Krishna therefore declares: “An intelligent person does not take part in the sources of misery, which are due to contact with the material senses. O son of Kunti, such pleasures have a beginning and an end, and so the wise man does not delight in them.” (BG 5.22)
Brahmananda (happiness of Brahman): This happiness, derived from realisation of the impersonal energy of Brahman, is of a higher quality than the material. There is a sense of relief, since one has now escaped the duality of the material world. Despite this, the soul naturally searches for more, since heartfelt spiritual expression and loving interaction is lacking in the impersonal realm.
Premananda (happiness of pure love): This happiness, derived from loving relationships with the Supreme Person and His devotees, is the epitome of experience. The Srimad-Bhagavatam explains how a person in prema , love of Godhead, starts manifesting a variety of incredible symptoms: “As his heart melts with ecstatic love, he laughs very loudly or cries or shouts. Sometimes he sings and dances like a madman, for he is indifferent to public opinion.” (SB 11.2.40)
Interestingly, the Vaisnava acaryas talk about another type of happiness:
Sevananda (happiness of service): The uncommon symptoms of happiness in pure love are rarely obtained, but some devotees even distance those symptoms because it interrupts their devotional service. If premananda interrupts their seva , they prefer to relinquish it, since the happiness of service is the goal of their life. Srila Prabhupada cites the example of Daruka: “When he was engaged in such service, he was filled with ecstatic love, and the symptoms of ecstatic love became manifest in his body. But Daruka was so serious about his service that he checked all of these manifestations of ecstatic love and considered them hindrances to his engagement.” ( NOD Chapter 37 )
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Marginal Qualities (tatastha-laksana)
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Marginal Qualities (tatastha-laksana)
1) Anyabhilasita-sunyam (devoid of desires)
Pure devotional service is not done with any extraneous desire in mind. In other words, there are no selfish motivations or personal agendas. This is not to say that a pure devotee has no desires, because love is full of desire. That desire, however, is a purely spiritual one. Occasionally, a pure devotee may express a desire that seems self-orientated – for example, when one is in a dangerous situation they may desire self-preservation. Since such superficial desires are temporary and not an integral part of one’s being they are not considered to weaken one’s devotion.
2) Jnana (impersonal / dry speculation)
Pure devotional service harbours no aspirations for useless, speculative knowledge, or the prospect of impersonal liberation. Devotees do pursue knowledge, but study the bhakti-sastra (devotional scriptures) with the sole aspiration to deepen their devotion.
3) Karma (ritualistic / fruitive activities)
Pure devotional service is not dependent on material, pious actions, and ritualistic observances that lead to improved material situations. When one begins to think that their bhakti needs to be fortified by such things, the purity of devotion becomes compromised.
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Pure Bhakti
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Pure Bhakti
“According to Srila Sridhara Swami, the essence of a pure devotee’s qualifications is given in this verse. A pure devotee is one who has attracted the Lord by his love so that the Lord cannot give up the devotee’s heart. According to Srila Jiva Goswami, the word saksat in this verse indicates that a pure devotee has realised knowledge of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, having given his heart to the Supreme Lord, Krishna, who is all-attractive in six opulences, including beauty.” (SB 11.2.55)
In this section, Sri Havi’s teachings highlight the qualities of the bhagavatapradhana , or most exalted Vaisnava. This purity of devotion is what the Srimad- Bhagavatam repeatedly describes in practically every narration. The stories, prayers and philosophical exchanges all stress this purity above and beyond any other consideration.
Reflect for a moment upon the people you admire most in your life, and then ask yourself why you have such appreciation for them. In practically all cases it will be something about their character, qualities, personality and pure heart that captures your imagination. We rarely feel emotionally moved by people because of their external abilities and practical accomplishments. We are more concerned about who they are rather than what they have achieved . It is that internal quality which is attractive. Krishna highlights this point in the Bhagavad-gita when He states: “If one offers Me with love and devotion a leaf, a flower, fruit or water, I will accept it.” (BG 9.26) . It is not so much about what we give, but the mood with which we offer it.
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— S.B. Keshava Swami, Book Bhagavata