FolioCorpusŚrīmad-Bhāgavatam

Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 9.20.16

ओमित्युक्ते यथाधर्ममुपयेमे शकुन्तलाम् । गान्धर्वविधिना राजा देशकालविधानवित् ॥ १६ ॥
om ity ukte yathā-dharmam
[om ity ukte yathaa-dharmam]
upayeme śakuntalām
[upayeme shakuntalaam]
gāndharva-vidhinā rājā
[gaandharva-vidhinaa raajaa]
deśa-kāla-vidhānavit
[desha-kaala-vidhaanavit]
om iti ukte — by reciting the Vedic praṇava, invoking the Supreme Personality of Godhead to witness the marriage yathā-dharmam — exactly according to the principles of religion (because Nārāyaṇa becomes the witness in an ordinary religious marriage also) upayeme — he married śakuntalām — the girl Śakuntalā gāndharva-vidhinā — by the regulative principle of the Gandharvas, without deviation from religious principles rājā — Mahārāja Duṣmanta deśa-kāla-vidhāna-vit — completely aware of duties according to time, position and objective.
Blended reading (Sanskrit + English inline)
om ity ukte yathā-dharmam
om iti ukte
by reciting the Vedic praṇava, invoking the Supreme Personality of Godhead to witness the marriage
yathā-dharmam
exactly according to the principles of religion (because Nārāyaṇa becomes the witness in an ordinary religious marriage also)
upayeme śakuntalām
upayeme
he married
śakuntalām
the girl Śakuntalā
gāndharva-vidhinā rājā
gāndharva-vidhinā
by the regulative principle of the Gandharvas, without deviation from religious principles
rājā
Mahārāja Duṣmanta
deśa-kāla-vidhānavit
deśa-kāla-vidhāna-vit
completely aware of duties according to time, position and objective.
When Śakuntalā responded to Mahārāja Duṣmanta’s proposal with silence, the agreement was complete. Then the King, who knew the laws of marriage, immediately married her by chanting the Vedic praṇava [oṁkāra], in accordance with the marriage ceremony as performed among the Gandharvas.

The oṁkāra, praṇava, is the Supreme Personality of Godhead represented by letters. Bhagavad-gītā says that the letters a-u-m, combined together as om, represent the Supreme Lord. Religious principles are meant to invoke the blessings and mercy of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Kṛṣṇa, who says in Bhagavad-gītā that He is personally present in sexual desires that are not contrary to religious principles. The word vidhinā means, “according to religious principles.” The association of men and women according to religious principles is allowed in the Vedic culture. In our Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement we allow marriage on the basis of religious principles, but the sexual combination of men and women as friends is irreligious and is not allowed.

— A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda
Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura Gauḍīya
Translation
When Śakuntalā responded to Mahārāja Duṣmanta's proposal with silence, the King, who knew the laws of marriage, immediately married her, in accordance with the Gandharva marriage. Oṁ iti ukte means that Śakuntalā, by her silence, indicated her agreement.
Her silence is taken as consent and Duṣmanta marries her by chanting praṇava in the Gandharva style. Even formal-sounding marriages can be hurried, lightly-witnessed, and based on a single silence — and they still bind.
Reflection Questions
  • What of my own 'silent yeses' have committed me more than I realized?
  • Where could I require fuller, slower consent — from myself or others — before treating a matter as settled?
📝 My note

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