• su-saṁrabdhāḥ — greatly angered
  Compound of su (intense) + saṁrabdha (enraged). The kings' fury is the natural reaction of the materially-proud when Kṛṣṇa quietly removes what they think is theirs — a recurring Bhāgavatam shape (Kaṁsa, Jarāsandha, Śiśupāla).
• dhṛta — holding
  Past participle of √dhṛ. The kings 'hold' their bows; in the next chapters Kṛṣṇa 'holds' Rukmiṇī. The same root names the act of māyā holding souls and Kṛṣṇa being held by His devotees (dhṛta-pāṇiḥ at Yaśodā's churn).
• kārmukāḥ — bows
  Plural — the multiplicity of bows lifted against one Lord. Gauḍīyas read the scene as a foil: the world's many weapons against the one Govinda who needs no weapon to win His own.
• balaiḥ — with armies
  Plural instrumental of bala. The verse stacks military force on military force; the rasa of the chapter depends on this preposterous asymmetry between armed kings and the unarmed cowherd who carries the bride.
• anvīyuḥ — they followed
  Imperfect of anu-√i, 'to follow after'. The same verb-shape the Bhāgavatam uses for the gopīs following Kṛṣṇa into the rāsa — here it names the opposite movement: the envious pursuing what they hate, instead of the loving pursuing what they love.

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• What recent opposition is regrouping in your life that you assumed was finished?
• How do you stay steady when defeat hasn't dispersed enemies?

Like clouds boiling up around a mountain, the rival kings darken the sky with their armies — yet the mountain (Kṛṣṇa) holds the form of Rukmiṇī under His arm and does not flinch. The fury of the world is the backdrop against which Bhagavān's tenderness for His devotee is photographed.