FolioCorpusBhagavad-gītā

Bhagavad-gītā 17.10

यातयामं गतरसं पूति पर्युषितं च यत् । उच्छिष्टमपि चामेध्यं भोजनं तामसप्रियम् ॥ १० ॥
yāta-yāmaṁ gata-rasaṁ
[yaata-yaamam gata-rasam]
pūti paryuṣitaṁ ca yat
[pooti paryushitam cha yat]
ucchiṣṭam api cāmedhyaṁ
[uchchishtam api chaamedhyam]
bhojanaṁ tāmasa-priyam
[bhojanam taamasa-priyam]
yāta - yāmam — food cooked three hours before being eaten gata - rasam — tasteless pūti — bad-smelling paryuṣitam — decomposed ca — also yat — that which ucchiṣṭam — remnants of food eaten by others api — also ca — and amedhyam — untouchable bhojanam — eating tāmasa — to one in the mode of darkness priyam — dear .
Blended reading (Sanskrit + English inline)
yāta-yāmaṁ gata-rasaṁ
yāta - yāmam
food cooked three hours before being eaten
gata - rasam
tasteless
pūti paryuṣitaṁ ca yat
pūti
bad-smelling
paryuṣitam
decomposed
ca
also
yat
that which
ucchiṣṭam api cāmedhyaṁ
ucchiṣṭam
remnants of food eaten by others
api
also
ca
and
amedhyam
untouchable
bhojanaṁ tāmasa-priyam
bhojanam
eating
tāmasa
to one in the mode of darkness
priyam
dear .
  • yāta - yāmam — food cooked three hours before being eaten
    Literally 'whose yāma has passed' — a yāma being a three-hour watch of the day. The technical precision is striking: the Gītā gives an actual time-window for freshness. Beyond that, prāṇa has departed from the food.
  • gata - rasam — tasteless
    Compound: gata (gone) + rasa (juice, essence). Note the reuse of rasa from verse 8 in inverse: sattvic food was rasyāḥ (full of rasa); tamasic is gata-rasam (rasa-gone). The same metric, opposite reading.
  • pūti — bad-smelling, putrid
    From √pūy — to stink, to decay. The body's primal alarm against tamas is the nose. The Gītā trusts the nose because it is older than the tongue.
  • ucchiṣṭam — remnants of food eaten by others
    Past participle of ud + √śiṣ — that which is left over. A vital exception: prasāda (food first offered to the Lord) is the divine ucchiṣṭa and is the highest sāttvika. Context decides whether ucchiṣṭa is degrading or liberating — the same word, two valences.
  • amedhyam — untouchable, unsacrificial
    Privative a- + medhya (fit for sacrifice). The strongest word in the verse: not merely impure but disqualified from ever being offered to the Lord. Food that cannot become prasāda is, by Gītā's logic, food unfit for a devotee's body.
Food prepared more than three hours before being eaten, food that is tasteless, decomposed and putrid, and food consisting of remnants and untouchable things is dear to those in the mode of darkness.
How Sanskrit scholars read this verse — split, rearranged, grammar-tagged. For the plain English distilled meaning, jump to Plain meaning below.
Auto-generated study layers — original analysis of the public-domain śloka. Review against a published edition for academic work.
Plain meaning (तात्पर्य · Tātparya)
Tāmasika food is defined not by taste but by ritual and biological status: old, decayed, putrid, polluted, polluting. What attracts here is dullness itself — the appetite of a being whose discriminating faculties have already shut down.
Further notes (विवरण · Vivaraṇa)
Yāta-yāma is a precise technical term: food held past one yāma (~3 hours) is considered to have lost its prāṇa-content. Ucchiṣṭa (others' leftovers) is a strong purity-code marker, with deep roots in śrauta and gṛhya regulation. Amedhya — 'unfit for medha (sacrifice)' — explicitly ties food-modes to sacrifice-modes: what cannot be offered to Agni should not be put into the body, since 3.13-14 establish eating itself as offering.
Prose order (अन्वय · Anvaya)
यत् भोजनं यात-यामं, गत-रसं, पूति, पर्युषितम्, उच्छिष्टम् अपि च, अमेध्यं च — तत् तामस-प्रियम् (भवति) ।
yat bhojanaṃ yāta-yāmaṃ, gata-rasaṃ, pūti, paryuṣitam, ucchiṣṭam api ca, amedhyaṃ ca — tat tāmasa-priyam (bhavati) |
Food that is stale (cooked long ago), gone-flavorless, putrid, kept overnight, also leftovers from another's plate, and impure — that is dear to one in the mode of ignorance.
Word split (पदच्छेद · Padaccheda)
यात-यामं गत-रसं पूति पर्युषितं च यत् । उच्छिष्टम् अपि च अमेध्यं भोजनं तामस-प्रियम् ॥
yāta-yāmaṃ gata-rasaṃ pūti paryuṣitaṃ ca yat | ucchiṣṭam api ca amedhyaṃ bhojanaṃ tāmasa-priyam ||
Grammar (व्याकरण · Vyākaraṇa)
SanskritIASTGrammarMeaning
यात-यामम् yāta-yāmam यात + याम (m.) acc.sg. (accusative singular)n., bahuvrīhi cpd. (compound) cooked a quarter-day (3 hrs) earlier; stale
गत-रसम् gata-rasam गत + रस (m.) acc.sg. (accusative singular)n., bahuvrīhi cpd. (compound) whose savor has departed
पूति pūti पूति (adj.) acc.sg. (accusative singular)n. foul-smelling
पर्युषितम् paryuṣitam परि + √वस् p.p.p. (past passive participle) acc.sg. (accusative singular)n. kept overnight, stale
च ca ind. (indeclinable) and
यत् yat यद् (rel. pron. (pronoun)) acc.sg. (accusative singular)n. that which
उच्छिष्टम् ucchiṣṭam उद् + √शिष् p.p.p. (past passive participle) acc.sg. (accusative singular)n. leftover, others' remnants
अपि api ind. (indeclinable) even
अमेध्यम् amedhyam अ- + मेध्य (adj.) acc.sg. (accusative singular)n. ritually unclean, unfit for offering
भोजनम् bhojanam भोजन (n.) nom.sg. (nominative singular) eating, food
तामस-प्रियम् tāmasa-priyam तामस (adj.) + प्रिय (adj.) nom.sg. (nominative singular)n., tatpuruṣa cpd. (compound) dear to one in ignorance

The purpose of food is to increase the duration of life, purify the mind and aid bodily strength. This is its only purpose. In the past, great authorities selected those foods that best aid health and increase life’s duration, such as milk products, sugar, rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables. These foods are very dear to those in the mode of goodness. Some other foods, such as baked corn and molasses, while not very palatable in themselves, can be made pleasant when mixed with milk or other foods. They are then in the mode of goodness. All these foods are pure by nature. They are quite distinct from untouchable things like meat and liquor. Fatty foods, as mentioned in the eighth verse, have no connection with animal fat obtained by slaughter. Animal fat is available in the form of milk, which is the most wonderful of all foods. Milk, butter, cheese and similar products give animal fat in a form which rules out any need for the killing of innocent creatures. It is only through brute mentality that this killing goes on. The civilized method of obtaining needed fat is by milk. Slaughter is the way of subhumans. Protein is amply available through split peas, dāl, whole wheat, etc. Foods in the mode of passion, which are bitter, too salty, or too hot or overly mixed with red pepper, cause misery by reducing the mucus in the stomach, leading to disease. Foods in the mode of ignorance or darkness are essentially those that are not fresh. Any food cooked more than three hours before it is eaten (except prasādam, food offered to the Lord) is considered to be in the mode of darkness. Because they are decomposing, such foods give a bad odor, which often attracts people in this mode but repulses those in the mode of goodness. Remnants of food may be eaten only when they are part of a meal that was first offered to the Supreme Lord or first eaten by saintly persons, especially the spiritual master. Otherwise the remnants of food are considered to be in the mode of darkness, and they increase infection or disease. Such foodstuffs, although very palatable to persons in the mode of darkness, are neither liked nor even touched by those in the mode of goodness. The best food is the remnants of what is offered to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. In Bhagavad-gītā the Supreme Lord says that He accepts preparations of vegetables, flour and milk when offered with devotion. Patraṁ puṣpaṁ phalaṁ toyam. Of course, devotion and love are the chief things which the Supreme Personality of Godhead accepts. But it is also mentioned that the prasādam should be prepared in a particular way. Any food prepared by the injunctions of the scripture and offered to the Supreme Personality of Godhead can be taken even if prepared long, long ago, because such food is transcendental. Therefore to make food antiseptic, eatable and palatable for all persons, one should offer food to the Supreme Personality of Godhead.

— A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda
Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura Gauḍīya
Translation
10. Stale food, food without taste, bad-smelling or rotten food, leftovers from others, and impure foods are dear to the tamasic person.
Commentary

Yāta yāmam means food which has remained three hours (yāmam) after cooking, or in other words, that which has become cold after cooking. Gata-rasam means food from which the natural taste is missing, or has been extracted, or such items as the skin and seed of the ripe mango. Puti means bad smelling. Paryuṣitam means over-ripe. Ucchiṣṭam refers to the leftovers other than that from the guru or other similar persons. Amedyam means inedible items such as kalañja. From reviewing the list of foods, one should conclude that those interested in their own welfare should partake of sattvic foods. The Vaiṣṇavas however reject any food not offered to the Lord, even if it is sattvic food. Food offered to the Lord is dear to the devotees who are beyond the guṇas. This is understood from the Bhāgavatam.

Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Gauḍīya
Translation
10. Stale food, food without taste, bad-smelling or rotten food, leftovers from others, and impure food is dear to the tamasic person.
Commentary

This verse describes foods in the mode of ignorance. Cooked food which has remained for one prahara (yāma), [Note: A prahara is approximately three hours in duration.] called yāta yāma, is in the mode of ignorance. Food which has bad taste (gata rasam), which has bad smell (pūtiḥ), which has been cooked the day before (paryuśitam—stale), which is the remnants of others who have already eaten (ucchiṣṭam), other than the remnants of the guru, and food which is impure (amedhyam), such as tobacco, is in the mode of ignorance. This food is dear to those in the mode of ignorance, but is most disgusting to the person in the mode of goodness.

Gauranga Priya Dāsa Study
Bhakti-śāstrī Notes, ISKCON Chowpatty (2009)
Theme

Foods in the mode of ignorance

Food prepared more than three hours before being eaten
Except the Prasadam offered to the Lord
Food that is tasteless, decomposed and putrid
Food consisting of remnants and untouchable things
Except the remnants of Supreme Lord or saintly persons, especially spiritual master
Otherwise remnants increase infection or disease
Focus of Learning

(a) Manufacture modes of austerity and penance that are not mentioned in sastras

e.g. Fasting for an ulterior purpose like promoting a political end or social purpose
Such fasting is not good for any spiritual advancement

(b) Importance of the word ‘Achestasah’ – Misled mentality

Normal mentality is that one must obey the scriptures
Abnormal position – Neglect and disobey the scriptures

(c) Destiny – Repeated demoniac births (Ref. Bg. 16.19 – 16.20)

(d) Rare fortune for such persons – To be guided by the spiritual master to the direct Vedic path and

achieve the Supreme goal

Śrī Śaṅkarācārya Classical
Translation
17.10 Bhojanam, food; which is yata-yamam, not properly cooked [Yata-yamam lit. means 'crooked three hours ago', that which has lost its essence; but here it is translated as 'not properly cooked to avoid tautology, for the next word gata-rasam, too, means lacking in essence.-Tr.] (-because food that has lost its essence is referred to by the word gatarasam-); gata-rasam, lacking in essence; puti, putrid; and paryusitam, stale, cooked on the previous day and kept over-night; and even ucchistam, ort, remnants of a meal; and amedhyam, that which is unfit for sacrifice;- this kind of food is tamasa-priyam, dear to one possessed of tamas. Now then, sacrifices of three kinds are being stated:
Śrī Rāmānujācārya Classical
Translation
17.10 Stale (Yatayamam) means that food which has lost its original state, being kept for a long time. Tasteless (Gatarasam) means that which has lost its natural taste. Putrid (Puti) means emitting a bad smell. Decayed (Paryusitam) means aciring a rancidity by lapse of time. Refuse (Ucchistam) means the food that has remained over after being partaken by persons other than Gurus, etc. Unclean (Amedhyam) is that which is not fit for offering in sacrifice or worship. The meaning is that, being unfit for offering in worship, they cannot become the sacrificial remainder. Foods of this kind which promote the growth of Tamas are dear to those who are characterised by Tamas. Food (Bhojana) means that which is eaten. Tamasik food promotes further increase of Tamas. Hence, those persons who care for their own welfare by the growth of Sattva, should eat food charaterised by Sattva.
Śrī Abhinavagupta Classical
Translation
17.7-10 Aharah etc. upto tamasapriyam. What is old : that for which [three] yamas have elapsed [after cooking].
Swami Sivananda Classical
Translation
17.10 That which is state, tasteless, putrid, rotten, refuse and impure, is the food liked by the Tamasic.
Commentary

17.10 यातयामम् state? गतरसम् tasteless? पूति putrid? पर्युषितम् rotten? च and? यत् which? उच्छिष्टम् refuse? अपि also? च and? अमेध्यम् impure? भोजनम् food? तामसप्रियम् liked by the Tamasic.Commentary Cannabis indica (Ganja)? Bhang? opium? cocaine? Charas? Chandoo? all stale and putrid articles? are Tamasic.Yatayamam Stale? literally means cooked three hours ago. Yatayamam and Gatarasam mean the same thing.Paryushitam Rotten The cooked food which has been kept overnight.Uchchishtam What is left on the plate after a meal.The man whose taste is of a Tamasic nature will eat food in the afternoon that has been cooked on the previous day. He also likes that which is halfcooked or burnt to a cinder. He and all the members of his family sit together and eat from the same dish or plate? food that has been mixed into a mess by his children.The food eaten by Tamasic people is stale? dry? without juice? unripe or overcooked. They do not relish it? till it begins to rot and ferment. They take prohibited foods and drinks. They take liors? fermented toddy? etc. They are horrible people with devilish tendencies.

Swami Gambhīrānanda Classical
Translation
17.10 Food which is not properly cooked, lacking in essence, putrid and stale, and even ort and that which is unfit for sacrifice, is dear to one possessed of tamas.
Shri Purohit Swami Classical
Translation
17.10 The Ignorant love food which is stale, not nourishing, putrid and corrupt, the leavings of others and unclean.
Related values
Tyaga (Renunciation / Letting Go)Tapas (Austerity / Discipline)Guru Bhakti (Reverence for Teacher)Atma Nigraha (Self-control)Maitri (Friendship / Goodwill)Daksya (Resourcefulness / Skill)Abhaya (Fearlessness)
Related verses
Food cooked more than three hours before being eaten, tasteless, decomposed, putrid, untouchable — is dear to those in tamas.
Practical Applications
  • Eat fresh food when possible; stale food is tamasic.
  • Don't accumulate leftovers for days.
  • Honor freshness as a spiritual quality.
Reflection Questions
  • How fresh is my typical meal?
  • What change would reduce tamas?

Tamasic food is like a lamp gone cold — once it gave light, but the wick is dead. The substance remains; the life that justified eating it has gone. Eating such food is taking corpse for company, and the body's mood follows.

📝 My note

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