Confused understanding caused by extreme bliss, calamity or separation is called unmāda (insanity). [Note: Unmāḍa is defined as hṛd-bhrama.This is similar to āvega, which was defined as cittasya bhrama, confused mind. The difference is that unmāda arises from extreme states, and produces more extreme actions.] In this state the actions are loud laughing, dancing, singing, useless actions, prattling, running, shouting and performing activities opposite of what are normally performed.